Depth cues
effectiveness typical range
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pictorial
occlusion, overlap M very strong all distances
perspective M varied all d
foreshortening
size effects
texture gradients
aerial perspective M weak d > 1 km
shadows, relief, shading M varied all d
color effects weak medium d
kinetic (moving image) M strong all d
motion parallax (moving viewer) M strong d < 1 km
accommodation (physiological) M medium (bright) d < 1 m
convergence (physiological) B medium d < 10 m
binocular disparity B strong d < 1 km
other disparities: glints, reveals B weak d < 100 m
"M" = monocular depth cues, i.e., works with one (or more) eyes.
"B" = binocular depth cues, i.e. requires two eyes.
Some cues are "physiological" - they result from physical changes in the eyes.
The remaining cues are "psychological" - they arise in the brain.
Links
Vision and Art - a wonderful exploration of pictorial depth cues
with many examples from paintings